diff --git a/tests/test_reports_accrual.py b/tests/test_reports_accrual.py
index f0f2e73..0e661f7 100644
--- a/tests/test_reports_accrual.py
+++ b/tests/test_reports_accrual.py
@@ -93,6 +93,13 @@ def check_link_regexp(regexp, match_s, first_link_only=False):
     else:
         assert end_match
 
+def relate_accruals_by_meta(postings, value, key='invoice'):
+    return core.RelatedPostings(
+        post for post in postings
+        if post.meta.get(key) == value
+        and post.account.is_under('Assets:Receivable', 'Liabilities:Payable')
+    )
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('link_fmt', [
     '{}',
     'rt:{}',
@@ -246,6 +253,17 @@ def check_output(output, expect_patterns):
     output.seek(0)
     testutil.check_lines_match(iter(output), expect_patterns)
 
+def run_outgoing(invoice, postings, rt_client=None):
+    if rt_client is None:
+        rt_client = RTClient()
+    if not isinstance(postings, core.RelatedPostings):
+        postings = relate_accruals_by_meta(postings, invoice)
+    output = io.StringIO()
+    errors = io.StringIO()
+    rt_cache = rtutil.RT(rt_client)
+    accrual.outgoing_report({invoice: postings}, output, errors, rt_client, rt_cache)
+    return output, errors
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('invoice,expected', [
     ('rt:505/5050', "Zero balance outstanding since 2020-05-05"),
     ('rt:510/5100', "Zero balance outstanding since 2020-05-10"),
@@ -253,29 +271,15 @@ def check_output(output, expect_patterns):
     ('rt://ticket/515/attachments/5150', "1,500.00 USD outstanding since 2020-05-15",),
 ])
 def test_balance_report(accrual_postings, invoice, expected):
-    related = core.RelatedPostings(
-        post for post in accrual_postings
-        if post.meta.get('invoice') == invoice
-        and post.account.is_under('Assets:Receivable', 'Liabilities:Payable')
-    )
+    related = relate_accruals_by_meta(accrual_postings, invoice)
     output = io.StringIO()
     accrual.balance_report({invoice: related}, output)
     check_output(output, [invoice, expected])
 
 def test_outgoing_report(accrual_postings):
     invoice = 'rt:510/6100'
-    related = core.RelatedPostings(
-        post for post in accrual_postings
-        if post.meta.get('invoice') == invoice
-        and post.account.is_under('Assets:Receivable', 'Liabilities:Payable')
-    )
-    output = io.StringIO()
-    errors = io.StringIO()
-    rt_client = RTClient()
-    rt_cache = rtutil.RT(rt_client)
-    accrual.outgoing_report({invoice: related}, output, errors, rt_client, rt_cache)
-    assert not errors.getvalue()
-    rt_url = rt_client.DEFAULT_URL[:-9]
+    output, errors = run_outgoing(invoice, accrual_postings)
+    rt_url = RTClient.DEFAULT_URL[:-9]
     rt_id_url = rf'\b{re.escape(f"{rt_url}Ticket/Display.html?id=510")}\b'
     contract_url = rf'\b{re.escape(f"{rt_url}Ticket/Attachment/4000/4000/contract.pdf")}\b'
     print(output.getvalue())
@@ -299,16 +303,8 @@ def test_outgoing_report(accrual_postings):
 
 def test_outgoing_report_custom_field_fallbacks(accrual_postings):
     invoice = 'rt:510/6100'
-    related = core.RelatedPostings(
-        post for post in accrual_postings
-        if post.meta.get('invoice') == invoice
-        and post.account.is_under('Assets:Receivable', 'Liabilities:Payable')
-    )
-    output = io.StringIO()
-    errors = io.StringIO()
     rt_client = RTClient(want_cfs=False)
-    rt_cache = rtutil.RT(rt_client)
-    accrual.outgoing_report({invoice: related}, output, errors, rt_client, rt_cache)
+    output, errors = run_outgoing(invoice, accrual_postings, rt_client)
     assert not errors.getvalue()
     check_output(output, [
         r'^PAYMENT FOR APPROVAL:$',
@@ -319,16 +315,7 @@ def test_outgoing_report_custom_field_fallbacks(accrual_postings):
 
 def test_outgoing_report_fx_amounts(accrual_postings):
     invoice = 'rt:520/5200'
-    related = core.RelatedPostings(
-        post for post in accrual_postings
-        if post.meta.get('invoice') == invoice
-        and post.account.is_under('Assets:Receivable', 'Liabilities:Payable')
-    )
-    output = io.StringIO()
-    errors = io.StringIO()
-    rt_client = RTClient()
-    rt_cache = rtutil.RT(rt_client)
-    accrual.outgoing_report({invoice: related}, output, errors, rt_client, rt_cache)
+    output, errors = run_outgoing(invoice, accrual_postings)
     assert not errors.getvalue()
     check_output(output, [
         r'^PAYMENT FOR APPROVAL:$',