diff --git a/comprehensive-gpl-guide.tex b/comprehensive-gpl-guide.tex index 717c1a4..32bc484 100644 --- a/comprehensive-gpl-guide.tex +++ b/comprehensive-gpl-guide.tex @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ A Comprehensive Tutorial {\parindent 0in \begin{tabbing} -Copyright \= \copyright{} 2003, 2004, 2005 \= \hspace{.2in} Free Software Foundation, Inc. \kill +Copyright \= \copyright{} 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 \= \hspace{.2in} Free Software Foundation, Inc. \kill Copyright \> \copyright{} 2014 \> \hspace{.2in} Bradley M. Kuhn. \\ Copyright \> \copyright{} 2003, 2004, 2005 \> \hspace{.2in} Free Software Foundation, Inc. \\ Copyright \> \copyright{} 2008 \> \hspace{.2in} Software Freedom Law Center. \\ diff --git a/gpl-lgpl.tex b/gpl-lgpl.tex index e2131b1..af496d4 100644 --- a/gpl-lgpl.tex +++ b/gpl-lgpl.tex @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ % gpl-lgpl.tex -*- LaTeX -*- % Tutorial Text for the Detailed Study and Analysis of GPL and LGPL course % -% Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -% Copyright (C) 2014 Bradley M. Kuhn +% Copyright (C) 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +% Copyright (C) 2014 Bradley M. Kuhn % License: CC-By-SA-4.0 @@ -28,12 +28,13 @@ {\parindent 0in \tutorialpartsplit{``Detailed Analysis of the GNU GPL and Related Licenses''}{This part} is: \\ \begin{tabbing} -Copyright \= \copyright{} 2003, 2004, 2005 \= \hspace{.2in} Free Software Foundation, Inc. \\ +Copyright \= \copyright{} 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 \= \hspace{.2in} Free Software Foundation, Inc. \\ Copyright \= \copyright{} 2014 \= \hspace{.2in} Bradley M. Kuhn \\ \end{tabbing} Authors of \tutorialpartsplit{``Detailed Analysis of the GNU GPL and Related Licenses''}{this part} are: \\ +Free Software Foundation, Inc. \\ Bradley M. Kuhn \\ David ``Novalis'' Turner \\ Daniel B. Ravicher \\ @@ -2066,6 +2067,14 @@ copyright holders. Some have used GPLv2~\S8 to explain various odd special topics of distribution, but generally speaking, this section is not particularly useful and was actually removed in GPLv3. +% FIXME: integrate this into this section. + +To our knowledge, no one has invoked this section to add an explicit +geographical distribution limitation since GPLv2 was released in 1991. We +have concluded that this provision is not needed and is not expected to be +needed in the future, and that it therefore should be removed. + + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \chapter{Odds, Ends, and Absolutely No Warranty} @@ -2174,41 +2183,551 @@ GPLv3 that's possible is by default less than a decade. These two factors usually cause even new students of GPL to start with GPLv2 and move on to GPLv3, and this tutorial follows that pattern. +We recognize that, overall, the changes made in GPLv3 have increased the +complexity of the license. We would have liked to oblige those who have asked +us for a simpler and shorter GPL, but we had to give priority to making GPLv3 +do the job that needs to be done. + \section{GPLv3~\S0: Giving In On ``Defined Terms''} +% FIXME: intro defined terms + +% FIXME: rewrite to FOUR new terms + +Section 0 includes definitions of two new terms: ``covered work'' and +``propagate.'' The use of the term ``covered work'' enables some of the +wording in the revised GPL to be simpler and clearer. + +% FIXME: rewrite propagate + +The term ``propagate'' serves two purposes. First, ``propagate'' provides +a simple and convenient means for distinguishing between the kinds of +uses of a work that the GPL imposes conditions on and the kinds of +uses that the GPL does not (for the most part) impose conditions +on. + +Second, ``propagate'' furthers our goal of making the license as +global as possible in its wording and effect. When a work is licensed +under the GPL, the copyright law of some particular country will +govern certain legal issues arising under the license. A term like +``distribute,'' or its equivalent in languages other than English, is +used in several national copyright statutes. The scope of +``distribution'' in the copyright context can differ from country to +country. We do not wish to force on the GPL the specific meaning of +``distribution'' that exists under United States copyright law or any +other country's copyright law. + +We therefore define the term ``propagate'' by reference to activities +that require permission under ``applicable copyright law,'' but we +exclude execution and private modification from the definition. Our +definition gives examples of activities that may be included within +``propagation,'' but it also makes clear that, under the copyright laws +of a given country, ``propagation'' may include other activities as well. + +% FIXME: paragraph number change , and more on Convey once definition comes. + +The third paragraph of section 2 represents another effort to compensate for +variation in national copyright law. We distinguish between propagation that +enables parties other than the licensee to make or receive copies, and other +forms of propagation. As noted above, the meaning of ``distribution'' under +copyright law varies from country to country, including with respect to +whether making copies available to other parties (such as related public or +corporate entities) is ``distribution.'' ``Propagation,'' however, is a term +not tied to any statutory language. Propagation that does not enable other +parties to make or receive copies --- for example, making private copies or +privately viewing the program --- is permitted unconditionally. Propagation +that does enable other parties to make or receive copies is permitted as +``distribution,'' subject to the conditions set forth in sections 4--6. + +% FIXME: Appropriate Legal Notices + \section{GPLv3~\S1: Understanding CCS} +% FIXME: Talk briefly about importance of CCS and reference compliance guide + +% FIXME: reword source code a bit + +Section 1 retains GPLv2's definition of ``source code'' and adds an +explicit definition of ``object code'' as ``any non-source version of a +work.'' Object code is not restricted to a narrow technical meaning and +is to be understood broadly as including any form of the work other than +the preferred form for making modifications to it. Object code +therefore includes any kind of transformed version of source code, such +as bytecode. The definition of object code also ensures that licensees +cannot escape their obligations under the GPL by resorting to shrouded +source or obfuscated programming. + +% FIXME: More about CCS here. + +% FIXME: CCS Coresponding Source updated to newer definition in later drafts + +The definition of ``Complete Corresponding Source Code'' given in the +second paragraph of section 1 is as broad as necessary to protect users' +exercise of their rights under the GPL. We follow the definition with +particular examples to remove any doubt that they are to be considered +Complete Corresponding Source Code. We wish to make completely clear +that a licensee cannot avoid complying with the requirements of the GPL +by dynamically linking an add-on component to the original version of a +program. + +Though the definition of Complete Corresponding Source Code in the +second paragraph of section 1 is expansive, it is not sufficient to +protect users' freedoms in many circumstances. For example, a GPL'd +program, or a modified version of such a program, might need to be +signed with a key or authorized with a code in order for it to run on +a particular machine and function properly. Similarly, a program that +produces digitally-restricted files might require a decryption code in +order to read the output. + +% FIXME: Standard Interface + +% FIXME: System Libraries: it's in a different place and changed in later drafts + +The final paragraph of section 1 revises the exception to the source code +distribution requirement in GPLv2 that we have sometimes called the system +library exception. This exception has been read to prohibit certain +distribution arrangements that we consider reasonable and have not sought to +prevent, such as distribution of gcc linked with a non-free C library that is +included as part of a larger non-free system. This is not to say that such +non-free libraries are legitimate; rather, preventing free software from +linking with these libraries would hurt free software more than it would hurt +proprietary software. + +As revised, the exception has two parts. Part (a) rewords the GPLv2 +exception for clarity but also removes the words ``unless that +component itself accompanies the executable.'' By itself, (a) would +be too permissive, allowing distributors to evade their +responsibilities under the GPL. We have therefore added part (b) to +specify when a system library that is an adjunct of a major essential +operating system component, compiler, or interpreter does not trigger +the requirement to distribute source code. The more low-level the +functionality provided by the library, the more likely it is to be +qualified for this exception. + \section{GPLv3~\S2: Basic Permissions} +% FIXME: phrase ``unmodified Program'' appears due to User Products exception + +We have included the first sentence of section 2 to further internationalize +the GPL. Under the copyright laws of some countries, it may be necessary for +a copyright license to include an explicit provision setting forth the +duration of the rights being granted. In other countries, including the +United States, such a provision is unnecessary but permissible. + +The first paragraph of section 2 also acknowledges that licensees under the +GPL enjoy rights of copyright fair use, or the equivalent under applicable +law. These rights are compatible with, and not in conflict with, the freedoms +that the GPL seeks to protect, and the GPL cannot and should not restrict +them. + +% FIXME: propagate and convey + +Section 2 distinguishes between activities of a licensee that are permitted +without limitation and activities that trigger additional requirements. The +second paragraph of section 2 guarantees the basic freedoms of privately +modifying and running the program. However, the right to privately modify and +run the program is terminated if the licensee brings a patent infringement +lawsuit against anyone for activities relating to a work based on the +program. + + \section{GPLv3~\S3: What Hath DMCA Wrought} \label{GPLv3s3} + +% FIXME: reference the section in DMCA about this, maybe already there in +% GPLv2 section? + +% FIXME: Wrong paragraph now. + +The second paragraph of section 3 declares that no GPL'd program is part of +an effective technological protection measure, regardless of what the program +does. Ill-advised legislation in the United States and other countries has +prohibited circumvention of such technological measures. If a covered work is +distributed as part of a system for generating or accessing certain data, the +effect of this paragraph is to prevent someone from claiming that some other +GPL'd program that accesses the same data is an illegal circumvention. + \section{GPLv3~\S4: Verbatim Copying} +% FIXME: there appear to be minor changes here in later drafts, fix that. + +Section 4 has been revised from its corresponding section in GPLv2 in light +of the new section 7 on license compatibility. A distributor of verbatim +copies of the program's source code must obey any existing additional terms +that apply to parts of the program. In addition, the distributor is required +to keep intact all license notices, including notices of such additional +terms. + \section{GPLv3~\S5: Modified Source} +% FIXME: 5(a) is slightly different in final version + +Section 5 contains a number of changes relative to the corresponding section +in GPLv2. Subsection 5a slightly relaxes the requirements regarding notice of +changes to the program. In particular, the modified files themselves need no +longer be marked. This reduces administrative burdens for developers of +modified versions of GPL'd software. + +Under subsection 5a, as in the corresponding provision of GPLv2, the notices +must state ``the date of any change,'' which we interpret to mean the date of +one or more of the licensee's changes. The best practice would be to include +the date of the latest change. However, in order to avoid requiring revision +of programs distributed under ``GPL version 2 or later,'' we have retained +the existing wording. + +% FIXME: It's now (b) and (c). Also, ``validity'' of proprietary +% relicensing? Give me a break. I'll fix that. + +Subsection 5b is the central copyleft provision of the license. It now +states that the GPL applies to the whole of the work. The license must be +unmodified, except as permitted by section 7, which allows GPL'd code to be +combined with parts covered by certain other kinds of free software licensing +terms. Another change in subsection 5b is the removal of the words ``at no +charge,'' which was often misinterpreted by commentators. The last sentence +of subsection 5b explicitly recognizes the validity of disjunctive +dual-licensing. + +% FIXME: 5d. Related to Appropriatey Legal notices + + +% follows 5d now, call it the ``final paragraph'' + +The paragraph following subsection 5c has been revised for clarity, but the +underlying meaning is unchanged. When independent non-derivative sections are +distributed for use in a combination that is a covered work, the whole of the +combination must be licensed under the GPL, regardless of the form in which +such combination occurs, including combination by dynamic linking. The final +sentence of the paragraph adapts this requirement to the new compatibility +provisions of section 7. + \section{GPLv3~\S6: Non-Source and Corresponding Source} +Section 6 of GPLv3, which clarifies and revises GPLv2 section 3, requires +distributors of GPL'd object code to provide access to the corresponding +source code, in one of four specified ways. As noted above, ``object code'' +in GPLv3 is defined broadly to mean any non-source version of a work. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +Subsections 6a and 6b now apply specifically to distribution of object code +in a physical product. Physical products include embedded systems, as well as +physical software distribution media such as CDs. As in GPLv2, the +distribution of object code may either be accompanied by the machine-readable +source code, or it may be accompanied by a written offer to provide the +machine-readable source code to any third party. GPLv3 clarifies that the +medium for software interchange on which the machine-readable source code is +provided must be a durable physical medium. Subsection 6b does not prevent a +distributor from offering to provide source code to a third party by some +other means, such as transmission over a network, so long as the option of +obtaining source code on a physical medium is presented. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +Subsection 6b revises the requirements for the written offer to provide +source code. As before, the offer must remain valid for at least three +years. In addition, even after three years, a distributor of a product +containing GPL'd object code must offer to provide source code for as long as +the distributor also continues to offer spare parts or customer support for +the product model. We believe that this is a reasonable and appropriate +requirement; a distributor should be prepared to provide source code if he or +she is prepared to provide support for other aspects of a physical product. + +% FIXME: 10x language is gone. + +Subsection 6b also increases the maximum permitted price for providing a copy +of the source code. GPLv2 stated that the price could be no more than the +cost of physically performing source distribution; GPLv3 allows the price to +be up to ten times the distributor's cost. It may not be practical to expect +some organizations to provide such copies at cost. Moreover, permitting such +organizations to charge ten times the cost is not particularly harmful, since +some recipient of the code can be expected to make the code freely available +on a public network server. We also recognize that there is nothing wrong +with profiting from providing copies of source code, provided that the price +of a copy is not so unreasonably high as to make it effectively unavailable. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +Subsection 6c gives narrower permission than the corresponding subsection in +GPLv2. The option of including a copy of an offer received in accordance +with subsection 6b is available only for private distribution of object code; +moreover, such private distribution is restricted to ``occasional +non-commercial distribution.'' This subsection makes clear that a +distributor cannot comply with the GPL merely by making object code available +on a publicly-accessible network server accompanied by a copy of the written +offer to provide source code received from an upstream distributor. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +New subsection 6d, which revises the final paragraph of GPLv2 section 3, +addresses distribution of object code by offering access to copy the code +from a designated place, such as by enabling electronic access to a network +server. Subsection 6d clarifies that the distributor must offer equivalent +access to copy the source code ``in the same way through the same place.'' +This wording permits a distributor to offer a third party access to both +object code and source code on a single network portal or web page, even +though the access may include links to different physical servers. For +example, a downstream distributor may provide a link to an upstream +distributor's server and arrange with the operator of that server to keep the +source code available for copying for as long as the downstream distributor +enables access to the object code. This codifies what has been our +interpretation of GPLv2. + +%FIXME: 6e, peer-to-peer + + +% FIXME: Not final paragraph anymore. + +The final paragraph of section 6 takes account of the fact that the Complete +Corresponding Source Code may include added parts that carry non-GPL terms, +as permitted by section 7. + +% FIXME: update lock-down section to work with more recent drafts + +Though the definition of Complete Corresponding Source Code in the second +paragraph of section 1 is expansive, it is not sufficient to protect users' +freedoms in many circumstances. For example, a GPL'd program, or a modified +version of such a program, might need to be signed with a key or authorized +with a code in order for it to run on a particular machine and function +properly. Similarly, a program that produces digitally-restricted files might +require a decryption code in order to read the output. + +The third paragraph of section 1 addresses this problem by making clear that +Complete Corresponding Source Code includes any such encryption, +authorization, and decryption codes. By requiring the inclusion of this +information whenever the GPL requires distribution of Complete Corresponding +Source Code, we thwart efforts to obstruct the goals of the GPL, and we +ensure that users will remain in control over their own machines. We +recognize an exception where use of the program normally implies that the +user already has the codes. For example, in secure systems a computer owner +might possess any keys needed to run a program, while the distributor of the +program might not have the keys. + +% FIXME: installation information + +%FIXME: publicly documented format + \section{Understanding License Compatibility} \label{license-compatibility} +% FIXME: reword intro to license compatibility + +Another challenge facing the free software community is the proliferation of +incompatible free software licenses. Of course, we cannot make the GPL +compatible with all such licenses. GPLv3 contains provisions that are +designed to reduce license incompatibility by making it easier for developers +to combine code carrying non-GPL terms with GPL'd code. + + \section{GPLv3~\S7: Explicit Compatibility} +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +In GPLv3 we take a new approach to the issue of combining GPL'd code with +code governed by the terms of other free software licenses. Our view, though +it was not explicitly stated in GPLv2 itself, was that GPLv2 allowed such +combinations only if the non-GPL licensing terms permitted distribution under +the GPL and imposed no restrictions on the code that were not also imposed by +the GPL. In practice, we supplemented this policy with a structure of +exceptions for certain kinds of combinations. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +Section 7 of GPLv3 implements a more explicit policy on license +compatibility. It formalizes the circumstances under which a licensee may +release a covered work that includes an added part carrying non-GPL terms. We +distinguish between terms that provide additional permissions, and terms that +place additional requirements on the code, relative to the permissions and +requirements established by applying the GPL to the code. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +Section 7 first explicitly allows added parts covered by terms with +additional permissions to be combined with GPL'd code. This codifies our +existing practice of regarding such licensing terms as compatible with the +GPL. A downstream user of a combined GPL'd work who modifies such an added +part may remove the additional permissions, in which case the broader +permissions no longer apply to the modified version, and only the terms of +the GPL apply to it. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +In its treatment of terms that impose additional requirements, section 7 +extends the range of licensing terms with which the GPL is compatible. An +added part carrying additional requirements may be combined with GPL'd code, +but only if those requirements belong to an set enumerated in section 7. We +must, of course, place some limit on the kinds of additional requirements +that we will accept, to ensure that enhanced license compatibility does not +defeat the broader freedoms advanced by the GPL. Unlike terms that grant +additional permissions, terms that impose additional requirements cannot be +removed by a downstream user of the combined GPL'd work, because no such user +would have the right to do so. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +Under subsections 7a and 7b, the requirements may include preservation of +copyright notices, information about the origins of the code or alterations +of the code, and different warranty disclaimers. Under subsection 7c, the +requirements may include limitations on the use of names of contributors and +on the use of trademarks for publicity purposes. In general, we permit these +requirements in added terms because many free software licenses include them +and we consider them to be unobjectionable. Because we support trademark fair +use, the limitations on the use of trademarks may seek to enforce only what +is required by trademark law, and may not prohibit what would constitute fair +use. + +% FIXME: 7d-f + +% FIXME: removing additional restrictions + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +Section 7 requires a downstream user of a covered work to preserve the +non-GPL terms covering the added parts just as they must preserve the GPL, as +long as any substantial portion of those parts is present in the user's +version. + + \section{GPLv3~\S8: A Lighter Termination} +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +GPLv2 provided for automatic termination of the rights of a person who +copied, modified, sublicensed, or distributed a work in violation of the +license. Automatic termination can be too harsh for those who have committed +an inadvertent violation, particularly in cases involving distribution of +large collections of software having numerous copyright holders. A violator +who resumes compliance with GPLv2 would need to obtain forgiveness from all +copyright holders, but even to contact them all might be impossible. + +% FIXME: needs to be updated to describe more complex termination + +Section 8 of GPLv3 replaces automatic termination with a non-automatic +termination process. Any copyright holder for the licensed work may opt to +terminate the rights of a violator of the license, provided that the +copyright holder has first given notice of the violation within 60 days of +its most recent occurrence. A violator who has been given notice may make +efforts to enter into compliance and may request that the copyright holder +agree not exercise the right of termination; the copyright holder may choose +to grant or refuse this request. + +% FIXME: needs to be updated to describe more complex termination + +If a licensee who is in violation of GPLv3 acts to correct the violation and +enter into compliance, and the licensee receives no notice of the past +violation within 60 days, then the licensee need not worry about termination +of rights under the license. + \section{GPLv3~\S9: Acceptance} +% FIXME + \section{GPLv3~\S10: Explicit Downstream License} +% FIXME + \section{GPLv3~\S11: Explicit Patent Licensing} \label{GPLv3s11} + +% FIXME: probably needs a lot of work, these provisions changed over time. + +GPLv3 adds a new section on licensing of patents. GPLv2 relies on an implied +patent license. The doctrine of implied license is one that is recognized +under United States patent law but may not be recognized in other +jurisdictions. We have therefore decided to make the patent license grant +explicit in GPLv3. Under section 11, a redistributor of a GPL'd work +automatically grants a nonexclusive, royalty-free and worldwide license for +any patent claims held by the redistributor, if those claims would be +infringed by the work or a reasonably contemplated use of the work. + +% FIXME: probably needs a lot of work, these provisions changed over time. + +The patent license is granted both to recipients of the redistributed work +and to any other users who have received any version of the work. Section 11 +therefore ensures that downstream users of GPL'd code and works derived from +GPL'd code are protected from the threat of patent infringement allegations +made by upstream distributors, regardless of which country's laws are held to +apply to any particular aspect of the distribution or licensing of the GPL'd +code. + +% FIXME: probably needs a lot of work, these provisions changed over time. + +A redistributor of GPL'd code may benefit from a patent license that has been +granted by a third party, where the third party otherwise could bring a +patent infringement lawsuit against the redistributor based on the +distribution or other use of the code. In such a case, downstream users of +the redistributed code generally remain vulnerable to the applicable patent +claims of the third party. This threatens to defeat the purposes of the GPL, +for the third party could prevent any downstream users from exercising the +freedoms that the license seeks to guarantee. + +% FIXME: probably needs a lot of work, these provisions changed over time. + +The second paragraph of section 11 addresses this problem by requiring the +redistributor to act to shield downstream users from these patent claims. The +requirement applies only to those redistributors who distribute knowingly +relying on a patent license. Many companies enter into blanket patent +cross-licensing agreements. With respect to some such agreements, it would +not be reasonable to expect a company to know that a particular patent +license covered by the agreement, but not specifically mentioned in it, +protects the company's distribution of GPL'd code. + +% FIXME: does this still fit with the final retaliation provision? + +This narrowly-targeted patent retaliation provision is the only form of +patent retaliation that GPLv3 imposes by its own force. We believe that it +strikes a proper balance between preserving the freedom of a user to run and +modify a program, and protecting the rights of other users to run, modify, +copy, and distribute code free from threats by patent holders. It is +particularly intended to discourage a GPL licensee from securing a patent +directed to unreleased modifications of GPL'd code and then suing the +original developers or others for making their own equivalent modifications. + +Several other free software licenses include significantly broader patent +retaliation provisions. In our view, too little is known about the +consequences of these forms of patent retaliation. As we explain below, +section 7 permits distribution of a GPL'd work that includes added parts +covered by terms other than those of the GPL. Such terms may include certain +kinds of patent retaliation provisions that are broader than those of section +2. + \section{GPLv3~\S12: Familiar as GPLv2 \S 7} +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +The wording in the first sentence of section 12 has been revised +slightly to clarify that an agreement, such as a litigation settlement +agreement or a patent license agreement, is one of the ways in which +conditions may be ``imposed'' on a GPL licensee that may contradict the +conditions of the GPL, but which do not excuse the licensee from +compliance with those conditions. This change codifies what has been +our interpretation of GPLv2. + +% FIXME: probably mostly still right, needs some updates, though. + +We have removed the limited severability clause of GPLv2 section 7 as a +matter of tactical judgment, believing that this is the best way to ensure +that all provisions of the GPL will be upheld in court. We have also removed +the final sentence of GPLv2 section 7, which we consider to be unnecessary. + \section{GPLv3~\S13: The Great Affero Compromise} +% FIXME + \section{GPLv3~\S14: So, When's GPLv4?} \label{GPlv2s14} + +% FIXME Say more + +No substantive change has been made in section 14. The wording of the section +has been revised slightly to make it clearer. + +% FIXME; proxy + \section{GPLv3~\S15--17: Warranty Disclaimers and Liability Limitation} +No substantive changes have been made in sections 15 and 16. + +% FIXME: more, plus 17 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \chapter{The Lesser GPL}